Tendering Procedures in IFAWPCA Member Countries
출판일 2000-12-01
연구원 홍성웅
This publication contains the procurement procedures practiced in the IFAWPCA
member countries. The manuscripts of country reports differ widely in their scope and
depth. CERIK chose the role of being a neutral editor adding only minor changes needed
for cosmetic purpose. Therefore, the main body of this report mostly reflects the reports
sent in by the member countries.
The principal objective of the contract system is to ensure a delivery of the best vale
product for a customer. Here, the best value product is defined in terms of timeliness,
quality and cost, which can be interpreted to include the life cycle cost for the operation
and maintenance of the facility, and also administrative cost of product delivery. If one
translate the time value in a cost term, the guiding principle of contract system is to
warrant the best value product, which is simply acquiring the products with specific
tributes at the lowest cost. IFAWPCA member countries use various procurement
systems. However, the basic elements of the contract include invitation to bid, pre-
qualification, bidding an final contract awarding.
The types of contracts for construction projects can be categorized into three groups.
The first group is separated procurement systems, where separate entities carry out the
design and construction aspects of a construction project. This group includes not only
the conventional system but also its variants such as two-stage selective tendering,
negotiation, and cost reimbursement methods. The second group is integrated
procurement systems, where design and construction become the responsibility of one
organization. Design-and-Build contracts and Build-Operate-Transfer
(BOT) contracts belong to this category. The third category is management-oriented
procurement systems, where the emphasis is placed on overall management of the
design and construction of the project.
Among the three categories, separated procurement systems are the most widely used
in IFAWPCA countries. Some countries, however, are beginning to adopt non-standard
form of contracts such as BOT and Design-and-Build methods.
Tendering procedures can also be classified by the way how procurement authorities
invite bids. Under open tendering systems, all interested contractors are free to submit a
tender. Under selective tendering system, only contractors on the relevant lists of
approved contractors are invited. Single or restricted tendering methods are used when
the works have to be commenced as soon as possible or if only one or a small number
of contractors has the ability to execute the works. For the complex or high-value
construction projects, pre-qualified tendering systems are adopted to ensure financial and technical capabilities of tenderers.
Each IFAWPCA member country s procurement system compiled in this volume
emphasizes different aspects of tendering procedures. The Australian procedures
emphasize the principle of ethical behavior. Collusive tendering, participation in price-
fixing cartels, bid shopping or any other practices which seeks to limit competition, are specially prohibited.
The Government of Hong Kong emphasizes achieving best value for money through
tendering procedures. For this policy objective, the Government takes into account in
tender evaluation not only the competitiveness of the tenders, but also past performance
of the tender and whether the tenders conform with specifications, terms and conditions
laid down in the tender documents. The government is not bound to accept the lowest
tender.
In Japan, the design and construction phases of most construction projects are carried
out separately. The Japanese procurement authorities have developed elaborate
systems to evaluate the ranking of construction firms. Under the system of selective
bidding by pubic invitation, only firms whose ranks qualify them to bid on a project
member countries. The manuscripts of country reports differ widely in their scope and
depth. CERIK chose the role of being a neutral editor adding only minor changes needed
for cosmetic purpose. Therefore, the main body of this report mostly reflects the reports
sent in by the member countries.
The principal objective of the contract system is to ensure a delivery of the best vale
product for a customer. Here, the best value product is defined in terms of timeliness,
quality and cost, which can be interpreted to include the life cycle cost for the operation
and maintenance of the facility, and also administrative cost of product delivery. If one
translate the time value in a cost term, the guiding principle of contract system is to
warrant the best value product, which is simply acquiring the products with specific
tributes at the lowest cost. IFAWPCA member countries use various procurement
systems. However, the basic elements of the contract include invitation to bid, pre-
qualification, bidding an final contract awarding.
The types of contracts for construction projects can be categorized into three groups.
The first group is separated procurement systems, where separate entities carry out the
design and construction aspects of a construction project. This group includes not only
the conventional system but also its variants such as two-stage selective tendering,
negotiation, and cost reimbursement methods. The second group is integrated
procurement systems, where design and construction become the responsibility of one
organization. Design-and-Build contracts and Build-Operate-Transfer
(BOT) contracts belong to this category. The third category is management-oriented
procurement systems, where the emphasis is placed on overall management of the
design and construction of the project.
Among the three categories, separated procurement systems are the most widely used
in IFAWPCA countries. Some countries, however, are beginning to adopt non-standard
form of contracts such as BOT and Design-and-Build methods.
Tendering procedures can also be classified by the way how procurement authorities
invite bids. Under open tendering systems, all interested contractors are free to submit a
tender. Under selective tendering system, only contractors on the relevant lists of
approved contractors are invited. Single or restricted tendering methods are used when
the works have to be commenced as soon as possible or if only one or a small number
of contractors has the ability to execute the works. For the complex or high-value
construction projects, pre-qualified tendering systems are adopted to ensure financial and technical capabilities of tenderers.
Each IFAWPCA member country s procurement system compiled in this volume
emphasizes different aspects of tendering procedures. The Australian procedures
emphasize the principle of ethical behavior. Collusive tendering, participation in price-
fixing cartels, bid shopping or any other practices which seeks to limit competition, are specially prohibited.
The Government of Hong Kong emphasizes achieving best value for money through
tendering procedures. For this policy objective, the Government takes into account in
tender evaluation not only the competitiveness of the tenders, but also past performance
of the tender and whether the tenders conform with specifications, terms and conditions
laid down in the tender documents. The government is not bound to accept the lowest
tender.
In Japan, the design and construction phases of most construction projects are carried
out separately. The Japanese procurement authorities have developed elaborate
systems to evaluate the ranking of construction firms. Under the system of selective
bidding by pubic invitation, only firms whose ranks qualify them to bid on a project